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\renewcommand{\PKs}{{\HepParticle{K}{S}{}\xspace}}


\title[LFV and LNV]{Searches for Lepton Flavour Violation\newline and Lepton Number Violation in Hadron Decays}
\titlegraphic{%\begin{center}{~~~~~~~~~~~}Flavour Physics and CP Violation 2012
%\newline

\includegraphics[width=2.5cm]{../bmbf_engl.jpg}\hspace{7cm}\includegraphics[width=2cm]{fpcp_logo}
%\end{center}
}
%\subtitle{T 60.1}

% \subtitle{}
\author[Paul Seyfert]{Paul Seyfert\newline{\footnotesize{ on behalf of the LHCb collaboration\newline including results from the B factories}}}
\institute[Heidelberg University]{Heidelberg University}
\date[FPCP 2012]{Flavour Physics and CP Violation 2012}
\subject{}

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\newcommand{\myhref}[2]{\href{#1}{\textcolor{blue}{#2}}}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\titlepage
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Outline}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\begin{center}
{\Huge{Lepton Number Violation}}

{~}

\begin{itemize}
\item {$\PDminus\to\Ppiplus/\PKplus\ell^{-}\ell^{-}$}
\item {$\PBminus\to h^{+}\ell^{-}\ell^{-}$}
\item {$\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$}
\end{itemize}

\end{center}
\end{frame}
%\section{LNV in $\PBminus/\PDminus\to h^{+}\Plepton^{-}\Plepton^{-}$} %LHCb LHCb (Belle ell) (BaBar ell other)
\section{Lepton Number Violation}
\begin{frame}{Lepton Number Violation}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.75\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Lepton number is conserved in the Standard Model
\item Lepton number violation introduced in many New Physics models, e.\,g.:
{\footnotesize{
\begin{itemize}
\item 4$^{\rm{th}}$ quark generation\newline (\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1106.0343}{\texttt{arXiv:hep-ph/1106.0343}})
\item $SO(10)$ SUSY GUT\newline (\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9501298}{\texttt{arXiv:hep-ph/9501298}})
\item exotic Higgs\newline (A.\ Zee, \myhref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(80)90349-4}{Phys.\ Lett.\ B93, 389 (1980)})
\end{itemize}
}}
\item Majorana neutrinos violate Lepton Number\newline
classic search: neutrinoless double beta-decay ($\rightarrow$\myhref{http://hep.ustc.edu.cn/indico/contributionDisplay.py?contribId=36&confId=7}{Dongming Mei's talk})
\item Similar fundamental process with mesons
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.25\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{double}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{LNV in meson decays}
\begin{columns}\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
{\Large{$\PDplus\to\Ppiminus\APmuon\APmuon$}}

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./D-Majorana}
\begin{itemize}
\item resonant production in accessible mass range
\item rates depend on Majorana neutrino--lepton coupling $|V_{\mu 4}|$
\newline {\footnotesize{(e.g.\ \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3589}{arXiv:0901.3589)}}}
\item $m_4 = m_{\Plepton^{-},\Ppiplus}$
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\invisible<1>{
\includegraphics[width=.85\textwidth]{./exclusion}

{\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3589}{\texttt{arXiv:0901.3589}}}}
\begin{itemize}
\item strong constraints from $\PK$ decays at low $m_4$
\item high mass region accessible in $\PD$ and $\PB$ decays
\end{itemize}
}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{LNV in meson decays}
\begin{columns}\begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
{\Large{$\PDplus\to\Ppiminus\APmuon\APmuon$}}

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./D-Majorana}
{\footnotesize{\begin{itemize}
\item resonant production in accessible mass range
\item rates depend on Majorana neutrino--lepton coupling $|V_{\mu 4}|$
\newline {\footnotesize{(e.g.\ \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3589}{arXiv:0901.3589)}}}
\item $m_4 = m_{\Plepton^{-},\Ppiplus}$
\end{itemize}}}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
{\includegraphics[width=.85\textwidth]{./exclusion}

Status of 2009

{\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3589}{\texttt{arXiv:0901.3589}}}}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item strong constraints from $\PK$ decays at low $m_4$
%\item high mass region accessible in $\PD$ and $\PB$ decays
%\end{itemize}
}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}



\subsection{$\PDminus\to\Ppiplus/\PKplus\ell^{-}\ell^{-}$}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{limits on LNV in charm decays}
\begin{columns}
{\begin{column}{.46\textwidth}
%{\Large{$\PDplus\to h^{-}\ell^{+}\ell^{+}$}}
{\Large{charm decays}}
\begin{itemize}
\item latest limits from BaBar% using $\unit{384}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$
%\item normalisation relative to $\PDs^{+}\to\Pphi(\PK\PK)\Ppi^{+}$
%\item $\APelectron\Pelectron\to\PD\APD$
\item includes Lepton Number and Flavour Violation
\item comprehensive list of $\PDplus, \PDs^{+}, $ and $\Lambda_c^{+}$ decays
\item<2> best limit for most channels
\end{itemize}
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{./babar}}
%\only<2>{
%{~}
%
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./DLNVpeaks}}


%\only<2>{\begin{alertblock}{background sources}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item combinatorics
%\item QED events
%\item semileptonic decays
%\item $\Ppizero, \Pphi$ resonance
%\end{itemize}
%\end{alertblock}}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%\only<2>{
%\begin{block}{Strategy}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item exclude semileptonic charm production
%\item[$\Rightarrow$] reject most combinatorics
%\item require 5 tracks and electron veto on hadron
%\item[$\Rightarrow$] rejects QED background
%\item vertex requirements reject semileptonic background
%\end{itemize}
%\end{block}
%\begin{exampleblock}{Normalisation}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Measure yield wrt.\ $\PD\to\Pphi(\PKplus\PKminus)\Ppi$
%\item[$\Rightarrow$] most systematics cancel
%\item PID as remaining systematics
%\end{itemize}
%\end{exampleblock}
%}
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./babarcharmtableLNV}

{\footnotesize{\myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.072006}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{84}, 072006 (2011)}}}}
\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./lnvhfag.pdf}}
\end{column}}
\end{columns}
%\only<2>{
%{~}
%
%{~}
%
%{\footnotesize{
%$\mathcal{B}(\PDplus\to\Ppiminus\APelectron\APelectron)<1.1\times 10^{-6}$ by CLEO (Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{82}, 092007 (2010))}}}
\end{frame}



\subsection{qedewqdqewd}

\begin{frame}%[t]
\frametitle{LNV in bottom decays}%$\PBminus\to h^{+}\ell^{-}\ell^{-}$}
\only<1>{
\Large{$\PBminus\to h^{+}\Plepton^{-}\Plepton^{-}$}
}
\only<2>{
\begin{columns}\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
on-shell neutrino

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{pic/B-Majorana2.pdf}
\end{column}
{\begin{column}{.45\textwidth}
virtual neutrino

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{pic/B-Majorana1.pdf}
\end{column}
}
\end{columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item resonant production in accessible mass range
\item rates depend on Majorana neutrino--lepton coupling $|V_{\mu 4}|$
\newline {\footnotesize{(e.g.\ \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3589}{arXiv:0901.3589)}}}
\item $m_4 = m_{\Plepton^{-},\Ppiplus}$
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
{
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\begin{exampleblock}{special for $\PB$ decays}
%\begin{itemize}
diagram without mass restriction
 Cabbibo favoured for $\PB\to\PD$ 
%\end{itemize}
\end{exampleblock}
\end{column}
}
\end{columns}
}

\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{search for Majorana neutrinos at LHCb}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.8\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item searches at B factories in \myhref{http://hep.ustc.edu.cn/indico/contributionDisplay.py?contribId=4&confId=7}{Liang Sun's talk}
\item LHCb: search for \begin{itemize}\item $\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$\item $\PBminus\to\PDplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$\item $\PBminus\to\PDs^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$\item $\PBminus\to\PD^{*+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$\end{itemize}
%\item $\unit{0.41}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$ analysed
\item consider topology in reconstruction
\begin{itemize}
\item allow for flight distance for on-shell neutrinos
\item common vertex for virtual neutrinos
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=2cm]{../lhcb-logo}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.42\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{reco}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.52\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{reco2}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}




\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{virtual Majorana neutrinos}

%\begin{itemize}
%\item best limits for $h = \PDplus, \PD^{*+}, \Ppiplus, \PDs$ from LHCb using $\unit{0.41}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$ %, \PKplus
%\item normalisation relative to $\PBplus\to\PKplus\PJpsi$ and $\PBplus\to\PKplus\Ppsi(2S)$
%\end{itemize}
\begin{columns}
\only<1>{
\begin{column}{.78\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
%\begin{itemize}
 $\PBminus\to\PDplus\Pmuon\Pmuon\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\PBminus\to\PD^{*+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$
%\end{itemize}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./MassFitDp_.pdf}
\end{block}
\end{column}
}


\end{columns}
\only<1>{{
{~}


$\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PDplus\Pmuon\Pmuon)<6.9\times 10^{-7} \quad \quad \mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PD^{*+}\Pmuon\Pmuon)<2.4\times 10^{-6}$
}}


 {@ 95\,\% CL}\hspace{.35\textwidth}
 {@ 95\,\% CL}

{~}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{6.5cm}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{1.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{4cm}
\hspace{.4cm}

$\unit{0.41}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

 {\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5600}{\texttt{arXiv:1201.5600}}}}

\end{column}
\end{columns}

%LHCb, arXiv:1201.5600
%\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{UpperAll}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{on-shell Majorana neutrinos}

\begin{itemize}
%\item best limits for $h = \PDplus, \PD^{*+}, \Ppiplus, \PDs$ from LHCb using $\unit{0.41}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$ %, \PKplus
%\item normalisation relative to $\PBplus\to\PKplus\PJpsi$ and $\PBplus\to\PKplus\Ppsi(2S)$
\item mis-identification rates from data with mass shape from simulation
\end{itemize}
\begin{columns}

\only<1>{
\begin{column}{.72\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
$\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon\quad\quad\quad\quad\PBminus\to\PDs^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.44\textwidth]{./MassFitPi2}\hspace{.04\textwidth}\includegraphics[width=.46\textwidth]{./MassFitDs_}}
\end{block}
\end{column}
}

\end{columns}


\only<1>{{
{~}

assuming $\PBminus$ phase space decay:

$\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon)<1.3\times 10^{-8} \quad \quad \mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PDs\Pmuon\Pmuon)<5.8\times 10^{-7}$
}}

 {@ 95\,\% CL}\hspace{.35\textwidth}
 {@ 95\,\% CL}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{6.5cm}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{1.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{4cm}
\hspace{.4cm}

$\unit{0.41}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

 {\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5600}{\texttt{arXiv:1201.5600}}}}

\end{column}
\end{columns}


%LHCb, arXiv:1201.5600
%\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{UpperAll}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}
\frametitle{implications on Majorana mass}
\begin{exampleblock}{mass extraction}
Determine limit as function of $h^{+}\Pmuon$ mass
\end{exampleblock}
{\begin{center}
$\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon\quad\quad\quad\PBminus\to\PDs^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$

{~}

\includegraphics[width=.82\textwidth]{./UpperTwoBody}\end{center}}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{6.5cm}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{1.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{4cm}
\hspace{.4cm}

$\unit{0.41}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

 {\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5600}{\texttt{arXiv:1201.5600}}}}

\end{column}
\end{columns}


\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{new bounds for on shell Majorana neutrinos}
%LHCb starts to explore the region of $m_4>\unit{2}{\GeV}$

%{~}

%\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]{./constrain.pdf}\includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]{./boundsUmu.pdf}}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
LHCb limit on $|V_{\mu 4}|$

\includegraphics[width=.98\textwidth]{./constrain.pdf}

{\includegraphics[width=1.2cm]{../lhcb-logo}~~{\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5600}{\texttt{arXiv:1201.5600}}}}}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.55\textwidth}
Status of 2009

\includegraphics[width=.98\textwidth]{./vmu4mod}

{\footnotesize{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.3589}{\texttt{arXiv:0901.3589}}}}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}





\subsection{$\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$}
%\section{LNV in $\PBminus\to h^{0} h^{\prime+}\Plepton^{-}\Plepton^{-}$} %LHCb
\begin{frame}{$\PBminus\to\PDzero \Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$}
\begin{columns}\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./B-Majorana3}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\begin{itemize}
\item Four body $\PB$ decay complementary to three body decay\newline{\footnotesize{ (\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.6009}{\texttt{arXiv:1108.6009}})}}
%\item Constraints predict $\mathcal{B}(\PB\to\PD\ell\ell)<10^{-6}$
\item $m_4=m(\Ppiplus\Pmuon)$
\item[+] enhanced by $\PW$ couplings
\item[-] smaller mass range accessible ($\unit{260}{\MeV}<m_4<\unit{3.3}{\GeV}$)
\item first performed at LHCb
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}



\begin{frame}
\frametitle{$\PBminus\to\PDzero \Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$}

\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{./MassFitD0}\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{./UpperThreeBody}

{~}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.8\textwidth}
\hspace{.1\textwidth} $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon)<1.5\times 10^{-6}$ @$95\,\%$ CL \footnote{LHCb, CERN-PH-EP-2012-006, \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5600}{\texttt{arXiv:1201.5600}}}
\smallskip

\hspace{.1\textwidth} Less restrictive than $\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$ on $|V_{\mu 4}|^2$
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.3cm]{../lhcb-logo}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}



%\begin{frame}
%\frametitle{Sensitivity to long lived Majorana neutrinos}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item analysis allows for neutrino flight distance
%\item probes only Majorana neutrinos decaying inside the detector
%\item sensitivity to lifetime provided
%\end{itemize}
%
%{\footnotesize{
%\begin{tabular}{p{.31\textwidth}p{.32\textwidth}p{.34\textwidth}}
%a) $\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$&b) $\PBminus\to\PDs^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$&c) $\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$\\
%$\unit{250}{\MeV}<m_4<\unit{5}{\GeV}$&$\unit{2.1}{\GeV}<m_4<\unit{5.15}{\GeV}$&$\unit{260}{\MeV}<m_4<\unit{3.3}{\GeV}$
%\end{tabular}}}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Lifetime-eff}
%
%{~}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item sensitive to lifetimes $<10^{-10}\,\text{s}$
%\item $\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$ better sensitive to ``large'' lifetimes
%\end{itemize}
%
%\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Summary on LNV in $\PB$ decays}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.65\textwidth}
\footnotesize{
\begin{tabular}{lclr}
channel & limit & & \\\hline
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\Ppi^{+}\Pelectron\Pelectron) $     &  $<2.3\times 10^{-8}$     &  @$90\,\%$ CL       &\includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnote{BaBar,\myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.071103}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{85}, 071103} (2012)\label{babarB}}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PK^{+}\Pelectron\Pelectron) $     &  $<3.0\times 10^{-8}$     &  @$90\,\%$ CL       &\includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babarB}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PK^{*+}\Pelectron\Pelectron) $    &  $<2.8\times 10^{-6}$    & @$90\,\%$ CL   & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{cleo}\footnote{CLEO, \myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.65.111102}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{65}, 111102} (2002)\label{cleolnv}}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\Prho^{+}\Pelectron\Pelectron) $    &  $<2.6\times 10^{-6}$    & @$90\,\%$ CL   & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{cleo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{cleolnv}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PD^{+}\Pelectron\Pelectron) $     &  $<2.6\times 10^{-6}$     &  @$90\,\%$ CL       & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{belle2-logo}\footnote{Belle, \myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.071106}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{84}, 071106(R)}, (2011)\label{bellelnv}}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PD^{+}\Pelectron\Pmuon) $     &  $<1.8\times 10^{-6}$     &  @$90\,\%$ CL       & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{belle2-logo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{bellelnv}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\Ppi^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon)$     &  $<1.3\times 10^{-8}$    &   @$95\,\%$ CL      & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{../lhcb-logo}\footnote{LHCb, CERN-PH-EP-2012-006, \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5600}{\texttt{arXiv:1201.5600}} (2012)\label{xxxxx}} \\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PK^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon) $     &  $<5.4\times 10^{-7}$     &  @$95\,\%$ CL       &\includegraphics[height=.25cm]{../lhcb-logo}\footnote{LHCb, \myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.101601}{Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\ 108 101601} (2012)} \\
 %$\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PK^{*+}\Pmuon\Pmuon) $    &  $<4.4\times 10^{-6}$    & @$90\,\%$ CL   & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{cleo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{cleolnv}}}$}\\
 %$\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\Prho^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon) $    &  $<5.0\times 10^{-6}$    & @$90\,\%$ CL   & \footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{cleolnv}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PD^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon) $     &  $<6.9\times 10^{-7}$     &  @$95\,\%$ CL       & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{../lhcb-logo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{xxxxx}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PD^{*+}\Pmuon\Pmuon)$     &  $<2.4\times 10^{-6}$    &   @$95\,\%$ CL      &  \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{../lhcb-logo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{xxxxx}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PDs^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon)$     &  $<5.8\times 10^{-7}$    &   @$95\,\%$ CL      &  \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{../lhcb-logo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{xxxxx}}}$}\\
 $\mathcal{B}(\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiminus\Pmuon\Pmuon)$     &  $<1.5\times 10^{-6}$    &   @$95\,\%$ CL      &  \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{../lhcb-logo}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{xxxxx}}}$}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}
\section{Lepton Flavour Violation}
\begin{frame}
\begin{center}
{\Huge{Lepton Flavour Violation}}

{~}

\begin{itemize}
\item {$\PDminus\to h^{-} \ell^{+}\ell^{\prime -}$}
\item {$\PBminus\to\Ppiminus/\PKminus\Ptau^{\pm}\ell^{\mp}$}
\item $\Ptauon\to\Pmuon\Pmuon\APmuon$
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}

\subsection{$\PDminus\to h^{-} \ell^{+}\ell^{\prime -}$}
%\section{LFV in $\PBminus/\PDminus\to h^{-}\Plepton^{-}\Plepton^{\prime +}$ decays} %Belle, BaBar
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{Lepton Flavour Violation}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.45\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item established for neutrinos
\item can enter charged sector in loops
\item predicted rates unmeasurable small
\item<2>enhancement predicted in many New Physics models, e.g.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}

\begin{column}{.55\textwidth}
\only<1>{
Standard Model + neutrino oscillation

\begin{center}
${\PDplus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\APelectron}$
\end{center}

  \begin{fmffile}{smlfv}
  %\begin{figure}
  %\begin{fmffile}{peng}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(170,100)
  %bottom and top verticies
  \fmfstraight
  \fmfleft{i2,i3,i4,i5}
  \fmfright{o2,o3,o4,o5}

  %\fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$d$}{i0,o0}

  \fmf{phantom}{i4,g1}
  \fmfipath{p[]}

  \fmf{plain,label=$\Pnum\to\Pnue$,tag=1}{g1,g2}

  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APelectron$}{o4,g2}
  \fmf{phantom,lab.side=right,label=$\PDplus$}{i2,i3}
  \fmf{phantom,lab.side=right,label=$\Ppiplus$}{o2,o3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pcharm$}{i3,g3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pstrange/\Pdown$}{g3,g4}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pup$}{g4,o3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APdown$}{o2,i2}


  \fmffreeze
  \fmfiset{p1}{vpath1(__g1,__g2)}
  \fmfiv{d.sh=cross,d.ang=0,d.size=5thick}{point length(p1)/2 of p1}

  %\fmf{fermion}{g2,o4}
  %\fmf{fermion}{i3,g3,g4,o3}
  %\fmf{fermion}{o2,i2}

  \fmffreeze

  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\Pmuon$}{g1,o5}
  %\fmf{fermion}{g2,o4}
  \fmf{dashes,lab.side=right,label=$\PW$}{g1,g3}
  \fmf{dashes,lab.side=left,label=$\PW$}{g2,g4}

%  \fmfipath{p[]}
%  \fmf{plain,tension=0,right,label={$\Pgngt\to\Pgngm$},tag=1}{w1,w2}
%  \fmffreeze
%  \fmfiset{p1}{vpath1(__w1,__w2)}
%  \fmfiv{d.sh=cross,d.ang=0,d.size=5thick}{point length(p1)/2 of p1}



  \end{fmfgraph*}

 \end{fmffile}
}
\only<2>{
extended Higgs

\begin{center}
${\PDplus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\APelectron}$
\end{center}



  \begin{fmffile}{multihiggs}
  %\begin{figure}
  %\begin{fmffile}{peng}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(170,80)
  %bottom and top verticies
  \fmfstraight
  \fmfleft{i2,i3,i4,i5}
  \fmfright{o2,o3,o4,o5}

  %\fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$d$}{i0,o0}

  \fmf{phantom}{i4,g1}


  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APelectron$}{o4,g1}
  \fmf{phantom,lab.side=right,label=$\PDplus$}{i2,i3}
  \fmf{phantom,lab.side=right,label=$\Ppiplus$}{o2,o3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pcharm$}{i3,g3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pdown$}{g3,o3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APdown$}{o2,i2}


  \fmffreeze

  %\fmf{fermion}{g2,o4}
  %\fmf{fermion}{i3,g3,g4,o3}
  %\fmf{fermion}{o2,i2}

  \fmffreeze

  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\Pmuon$}{g1,o5}
  %\fmf{fermion}{g2,o4}
  \fmf{dashes,lab.side=right,label=$\Phi_S$}{g1,g3}

%  \fmfipath{p[]}
%  \fmf{plain,tension=0,right,label={$\Pgngt\to\Pgngm$},tag=1}{w1,w2}
%  \fmffreeze
%  \fmfiset{p1}{vpath1(__w1,__w2)}
%  \fmfiv{d.sh=cross,d.ang=0,d.size=5thick}{point length(p1)/2 of p1}



  \end{fmfgraph*}

 \end{fmffile}
}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\only<2>{
\begin{itemize}
\item multi-Higgs extensions\footnote{ \invisible<1>{\myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.1461}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{44}, 1461}}}
\item leptoquarks\footnote{            \invisible<1>{\myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9309310}{Z.\ Phys.\ C \textbf{61}, 613}}}
\item low scale seesaw models\footnote{\invisible<1>{\myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.73.074011}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{73}, 074011}}}
\end{itemize}                                 
}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{LFV in charm decays}
\begin{columns}
%\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item same analysis as LNV search
%\end{itemize}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./babarLFV}
%\end{column}
%\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./babarcharmtableLFV}
%
%{\footnotesize{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{84}, 072006 (2011)}}
%\end{column}
\begin{column}{.93\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./lfvhfag2}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
{~}

\myhref{http://gersabec.web.cern.ch/gersabec/hfag/rare/rare_charm.html}{[HFAG]}
\end{frame}

%\section{LFV in $\PBminus\to h^{-}\ell^{+}\ell^{\prime -}$} %BaBar tau, other
\subsection{$\PBminus\to\Ppiminus/\PKminus\Ptau^{\pm}\ell^{\mp}$}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{LFV in bottom decays}
\begin{center}

  \begin{fmffile}{multihiggs2}
  %\begin{figure}
  %\begin{fmffile}{peng}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(200,80)
  %bottom and top verticies
  \fmfstraight
  \fmfleft{i2,i3,i4,i5}
  \fmfright{o2,o3,o4,o5}

  %\fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$d$}{i0,o0}

  \fmf{phantom}{i4,g1}


  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APmuon$}{o4,g1}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pbottom$}{i3,g3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pstrange$}{g3,o3}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APup$}{o2,i2}


  \fmffreeze

  %\fmf{fermion}{g2,o4}
  %\fmf{fermion}{i3,g3,g4,o3}
  %\fmf{fermion}{o2,i2}

  \fmffreeze

  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\Ptauon$}{g1,o5}
  %\fmf{fermion}{g2,o4}
  \fmf{dashes,lab.side=right,label=$\Phi_S$}{g1,g3}

%  \fmfipath{p[]}
%  \fmf{plain,tension=0,right,label={$\Pgngt\to\Pgngm$},tag=1}{w1,w2}
%  \fmffreeze
%  \fmfiset{p1}{vpath1(__w1,__w2)}
%  \fmfiv{d.sh=cross,d.ang=0,d.size=5thick}{point length(p1)/2 of p1}



  \end{fmfgraph*}

 \end{fmffile}
\end{center}

{~}

\begin{itemize}
\item LFV $\Ptau$ sector not probed by $\PD$ decays
\item enough energy available in $\PB$ decays
\item multi Higgs models enhance $\PB\to h\Ptau\Pmu$ over other channels\footnote{\myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.1461}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{44} 1461}}
\item challenging: neutrino in $\Ptau$ decay similar to $\PB\to X\ell\nu$
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}
\frametitle{LFV in bottom decays}
%\includegraphics[height=2cm]{babar}\hspace{.2cm}{\texttt{arXiv:1204.2852v2}}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
{\footnotesize{
\begin{tabular}{lclr}
channel & limit & & \\\hline
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\Ptauon\APmuon)$        & $<4.5\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\APtauon\Pmuon)$        & $<2.8\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\Ptauon\APelectron)$    & $<4.3\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\APtauon\Pelectron)$    & $<1.5\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\Ptauon\APmuon)$       & $<6.2\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\APtauon\Pmuon)$       & $<4.5\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\Ptauon\APelectron)$   & $<7.4\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\APtauon\Pelectron)$   & $<2.0\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{a}}\\%
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\Pmu^{\pm}\Pe^{\mp})$  & $<1.7\times 10 ^{-7}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{b}}\\%\footnote{BaBar, Phys.\ Rev.\ Let.\ \textbf{99}, 051801 (2007)\label{babar..}}\\
$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\APmuon\Pelectron)$     & $<9.1\times 10 ^{-8}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babarlong}{\footnotesize{b}}%\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babar..}}}$}
\end{tabular}

}}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
details in \myhref{http://hep.ustc.edu.cn/indico/contributionDisplay.py?contribId=28&confId=7}{talk of Giovanni Marchiori}

{~}

\begin{block}{LFV energy scale}
\vspace{-.5cm}
\begin{align*}
\Lambda_{\APbottom\Pdown}:&\\
\unit{2.2}{\TeV}&\rightarrow \unit{11}{\TeV}\\
\Lambda_{\APbottom\Pstrange}:&\\
\unit{2.6}{\TeV}&\rightarrow \unit{15}{\TeV}
\end{align*}
\end{block}
%{\footnotesize{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{66}, 053002}}
%
%
\end{column}
\end{columns}
{~}

{~}

{\footnotesize{a: BaBar, \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.2852}{arXiv:1204.2852}, $\unit{429}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$}}

{\footnotesize{b: BaBar, \myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.051801}{Phys.\ Rev.\ Let.\ \textbf{99}, 051801} (2007), $\unit{209}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$}}
\end{frame}



%\section{other LFV probes from charm} % \tau\to\mu\mu\mu
%\begin{frame}
%\frametitle{$\Ptau\to\Pmu\Pmu\Pmu$}
%\begin{exampleblock}{LFV in $\Ptau$ decays}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item dominated by B factories in $\APtauon\Ptauon$ production \newline
%see next talk by Francesco Renga
%\item also possible to probe with semileptonic $\Ptau$ production
%\item $\PDs^{+}\to\APmuon\APmuon\Pmuon\Pnut$
%\item normalisation with $\PDs\to\Pphi(\Pmuon\APmuon)\Ppi$
%\item[$\Rightarrow$] chance to probe $\Ptau$ decays at hadron colliders
%\end{itemize}
%\end{exampleblock}
%
%\end{frame}

\section{$\Ptauon\to\Pmuon\Pmuon\APmuon$ at hadron colliders -- {first time shown!}}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{$\Ptauon\to\Pmuon\Pmuon\APmuon$ at hadron colliders}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item in Standard Model + neutrino oscillation introduced in penguin diagrams
\item highly suppressed ($\mathcal{B}\ll 10^{-50}$)
\item enhanced by e.g. charged Higgs 
\item best measurements conducted at B factories (\myhref{http://hep.ustc.edu.cn/indico/contributionDisplay.py?contribId=43&confId=7}{Francesco Renga's talk})
\item[!] also possible at hadron colliders
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%\only<1>{
  \begin{fmffile}{smtau}
  %\begin{figure}
  %\begin{fmffile}{peng}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(170,80)
  %bottom and top verticies
  \fmfstraight
  \fmfleft{is3,is2,is1,i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6}
  \fmfright{os3,os2,os1,o1,o2,o3,o4,o5,o6}

  %\fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$d$}{i0,o0}

  \fmf{phantom}{o1,g1}
  \fmf{phantom,tension=1.5}{g1,i1}

  \fmffreeze

  \fmf{photon, tension=2.,lab.side=left, lab=$\Pphoton/\PZ$}{g1,g2}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APmuon$}{o3,g2}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\Pmuon$}{g2,o5}
  \fmf{phantom,tension=1.5}{i6,g2}

  \fmffreeze


  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\Pgtm$}{i1,w1}
  \fmf{dashes,lab.side=right,label=$\PWminus$}{w1,w2}
  \fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pmuon$}{w2,o1}

  %    \fmf{fermion}{i1,w1}
  %    \fmf{fermion}{w1,g1}
  %    \fmf{fermion,tension=2}{g1,w2}
  %    \fmf{fermion}{w2,o1}

  \fmfipath{p[]}
  \fmf{plain,tension=0,right,label={$\Pgngt\to\Pgngm$},tag=1}{w1,w2}
  \fmffreeze
  \fmfiset{p1}{vpath1(__w1,__w2)}
  \fmfiv{d.sh=cross,d.ang=0,d.size=5thick}{point length(p1)/2 of p1}

  %    \fmfv{lab=g1}{g1}
  %    \fmfv{lab=g2}{g2}
  %    \fmfv{lab=w1}{w1}
  %    \fmfv{lab=w2}{w2}

  \end{fmfgraph*}

  %\caption{Test 4. is $\propto e^{0}$}
  %\end{figure}
  \end{fmffile}
%}

{~}


{~}

%\only<2>{
\begin{fmffile}{chargedhiggs}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(170,80)

\fmfstraight

\fmfleft{i}
\fmfright{o1,o2,o3}
\fmf{phantom}{i,g,o2}
\fmffreeze
\fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Ptauon$}{i,g}
\fmf{dashes,tension=2,lab.side=left,label=$H^{--}$}{g,h}
\fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\APmuon$}{o1,g}
\fmf{fermion,lab.side=right,label=$\Pmuon$}{h,o2}
\fmf{fermion,lab.side=left,label=$\Pmuon$}{h,o3}

\end{fmfgraph*}
\end{fmffile}
%}


\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{$\Ptau\to\Pmu\Pmu\Pmu$ in hadron collisions}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.45\textwidth}
\begin{exampleblock}{$\Ptau$ sources at B factories}
\begin{itemize}
\item $\APelectron\Pelectron\to\APtauon\Ptauon$
\item allows $\tau$ tag
\end{itemize}
\end{exampleblock}
%\visible<2>{
%\begin{block}{$\dagger$ cross section}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item $\Pbottom\APbottom$ production\newline \myhref{http://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:1103.0423}{Eur.\ Phys.\ J.\ C \textbf{71} 1645 (2011)}
%\item $\Pcharm\APcharm$ production\newline \myhref{http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1311236}{LHCb-CONF-2010-013}
%\item branching fractions from PDG\newline (LEP \& B factories)
%\end{itemize}
%\end{block}
%}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.45\textwidth}
\begin{alertblock}{$\Ptau$ sources at the LHC}
\begin{itemize}
\item inclusive $\Ptau$ cross section $79.5\pm\unit{8.3}{\micro\barn}$ at $\sqrt{s}=\unit{7}{\TeV}$ in the LHCb acceptance% $^{\dagger}$
\item[$\rightarrow$] $7.9\times 10^{10}\, \Ptau$ produced% in 2011
\item dominant: $\PDs\to\Ptau\Pnut$ ($78\%$)
\item[!] no $\tau$ tag possible
\item standard $\tau$ signatures very similar to $\PD$ decays
\newline($\PDplus\to\Ppiplus\Ppiminus\Ppiplus\Ppizero$\newline vs.\ $\APtauon\to\Ppiplus\Ppiminus\Ppiplus\APnut$)
\end{itemize}
\end{alertblock}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
%\begin{exampleblock}{Normalisation channel}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item use $\mathcal{B}(\PDs\to\Pphi\Ppi)$ and $\mathcal{B}(\PDs\to\Ptau\Pnut)$
%\item[$\Rightarrow$] normalise relative to $\PDs\to\Pphi(\APmuon\Pmuon)\Ppi$
%\end{itemize}
%\end{exampleblock}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Strategy}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Loose cut based selection
\item Classification in 3D space:
\begin{itemize}
\item invariant mass
\item decay topology\newline (multivariate)
\item particle identification\newline (multivariate)
\end{itemize}
\item Classifier trained on simulation
\item Calibration with control channel
\item Normalisation with $\PDs$
\item CLs method to extract the result
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\hspace{4.5cm}\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}\hspace{.5em}
%\texttt{LHCb-CONF-2012-015}

\only<1>{\begin{block}{Signal \& Calibration channel}
\includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth]{topos}
\end{block}}
\only<2>{\begin{alertblock}{Signal \& peaking background}
\includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth]{topob}
\end{alertblock}}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}


\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Normalisation channel $\PDs^{+}\to\Pphi(\APmuon\Pmuon)\Ppiplus$}
\begin{block}{produced $\tau$ leptons}
\vspace{-.3cm}
\begin{align*}
%N_\tau = \frac{\sigma(pp\to\Ptau)}{\sigma(pp\to\PDs\to\Ptau)}\times \frac{\mathcal{B}(\PDs\to\Ptau\Pnut)}{\mathcal{B}(\PDs\to\Pphi\Ppi)\times\mathcal{B}(\Pphi\to\Pmu\Pmu)} \times N_{\PDs\to\Pphi(\Pmu\Pmu)\Ppi}
\mathcal{B}(\tau\to\mu\mu\mu)=\frac{\sigma(pp\to\PDs\to\Ptau)}{\sigma(pp\to\Ptau)} \frac{\mathcal{B}(\PDs\to\Pphi(\Pmu\Pmu)\Ppi)}{\mathcal{B}(\PDs\to\Ptau\Pnut)}    \frac{\varepsilon_{norm}}{\varepsilon_{sig}}\frac{N_{\tau\to\mu\mu\mu}}{N_{\PDs\to\Pphi(\Pmu\Pmu)\Ppi}}
\end{align*}
\end{block}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
\begin{exampleblock}{ingredients}
\begin{itemize}
\item $\Pbottom\APbottom$ and $\Pcharm\APcharm$ production measurements from LHCb
\item $\PB\to\Ptau$ and $\PD\to\Ptau$ branching ratios from LEP / B factories
\item $\Pmu\Pmu\Ppi$ final state
\item[$\rightarrow$] systematics cancel
\only<1>{
\begin{itemize}
\item trigger
\item reconstruction
%\item kinematics
\item selection
\end{itemize}
}
\only<2>{\item non resonant contribution $<2\,\%$}
\end{itemize}
\end{exampleblock}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}\hspace{.5em}
\texttt{LHCb-CONF-2012-015}

\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Fig3a_mDs}

$45\,515\, \PDs\to\Pphi(\APmuon\Pmuon)\Ppi$ decays
}
\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Fig3b_mPhi}

{\footnotesize{background substracted $\APmuon\Pmuon$ mass}}
}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{signal likelihoods}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}

\begin{block}{3 body decay likelihood}
\begin{itemize}
\item vertex properties
\begin{itemize}
\item vertex fit, pointing
\end{itemize}
\item track quality
\item isolation
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\begin{exampleblock}{Calibration}
$\PDs\to\Pphi\Ppi$
\end{exampleblock}
\includegraphics[width=.88\textwidth]{./Fig1a_geobinning3}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{particle identification}
\begin{itemize}
\item hits in muon chambers
\item energy in calorimeters
\begin{itemize}
\item compatible with MIP
\end{itemize}
\item RICH information
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\begin{exampleblock}{Calibration}
$\PJpsi\to\APmuon\Pmuon$
\end{exampleblock}
\includegraphics[width=.88\textwidth]{./Fig1b_pidbinning3}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{invariant mass}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.8\textwidth}
\begin{block}{two fold role}
\begin{itemize}
\item background estimation in sidebands
\item different signal likelihood inside signal region
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.46\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\hspace{.5em}$\unit{1}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

\texttt{LHCb-CONF-} \texttt{2012-015}
\end{column}

\end{columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.65\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./masssim}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.35\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item mass resolution and mass scale calibrated on data
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{signal likelihoods}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.8\textwidth}
\begin{block}{combined signal distribution}
\begin{itemize}
\item events distributed over 25 likelihood bins
\item background estimate from mass sidebands
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.46\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\hspace{.5em}$\unit{1}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

\texttt{LHCb-CONF-} \texttt{2012-015}
\end{column}

\end{columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.65\textwidth}
%\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./2d-data2.pdf}}
\only{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./2d-data2_both.pdf}}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.35\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textcolor{red}{11\,\% signal efficiency}
\item \textcolor{blue}{21\,\% signal efficiency}
\item for illustration:\newline high likelihood range shown
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}


\begin{frame}
\frametitle{observed events}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%four best bins

\includegraphics[width=.98\textwidth]{./Fig4a_1stbin3.pdf}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%four best bins

\includegraphics[width=.98\textwidth]{./Fig4b_2ndbin3.pdf}
\end{column}

\end{columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.37\textwidth}
11\,\% of the signal

0.03\,\% of the background
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.13\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./2d-data2_1st}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.37\textwidth}
21\,\% of the signal

0.14\,\% of the background
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.13\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./2d-data2_2nd}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
%\end{column}
%\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
%%next four best bins
%\includegraphics[width=.98\textwidth]{./Fig4b_2ndbin.pdf}
%\begin{columns}
%\begin{column}{.9\textwidth}
%21\,\% of the signal
%
%0.14\,\% of the background
%\end{column}
%\begin{column}{.1\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./2d-data2_2nd}
%\end{column}
%\end{columns}
%\end{column}
%\end{columns}

{~}


\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.65\textwidth}
\begin{description}
\item[\textcolor{red}{red dashed}] combinatorial background
\item[\textcolor{green}{green}] $\PDs^{+}\to\Peta(\Pmuon\APmuon\Pphoton)\APmuon\Pnum$
\item[\textcolor{blue}{blue}] combined background
\end{description}
\end{column}

\begin{column}{.35\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.26\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\hspace{.5em}$\unit{1}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

\texttt{LHCb-CONF-}\texttt{2012-015}

\end{column}
\end{columns}
%no excess observed

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{extracted limit}
\begin{columns}\begin{column}{.8\textwidth}
\begin{block}{result (preliminary)}
\vspace{-.5cm}
\begin{align*}
                                  &   \text{observed}   &  \text{expected}\\
\mathcal{B}(\Ptau\to\Pmu\Pmu\Pmu) <\ & 6.3\times 10 ^{-8} & 8.2\times 10^{-8}  &\ @\, 90\,\% CL \\
                                  <\ & 7.8\times 10 ^{-8} & 9.9\times 10^{-8}  &\ @\, 95\,\% CL 
\end{align*}
\end{block}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=.46\textwidth]{../lhcb-logo}
\hspace{.5em}$\unit{1}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$

\texttt{LHCb-CONF-} \texttt{2012-015}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.65\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Fig5_withbkg3.pdf}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.04\textwidth}

\end{column}
\begin{column}{.35\textwidth}

\begin{itemize}
\item[Belle] $2.1 x 10^{-8}$ \ {\footnotesize{@ 90\,\% CL\newline \myhref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2010.03.037}{Phys.\ Lett.\ B \textbf{687}, 139} (2010)}}
\item[BaBar] $3.3 x 10^{-8}$  \ {\footnotesize{@ 90\,\% CL\newline \myhref{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.81.111101}{Phys.\ Rev.\ D \textbf{81}, 111101(R)} (2010)}}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}

\section*{Summary}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Summary}
\begin{itemize}
\item neither lepton number violation nor lepton flavour violation observed (yet)
\item hadron decays provide good probes for Lepton Number \& Flavour Violation
\item excellent sensitivity achieved at B factories
\begin{itemize}
\item LNV and LFV excluded to $10^{-5}$ for $\PD$ decays
\end{itemize}
\item LHCb extends knowledge on forbidden $\PB$ decays
\begin{itemize}
\item LNV excluded to $10^{-6\dots -8}$
\end{itemize}
\item LHCb approaching B factories for $\tau\to\mu\mu\mu$
\item[$\Rightarrow$] first time done at hadron colliders
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\appendix 
\begin{frame}[t]
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.3\textwidth}
{~}

{~}


\huge{BACKUP}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}
%\frametitle{LFV in bottom decays}
%{\footnotesize{
%\begin{tabular}{lclr}
%channel & limit & & \\\hline
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\Ptauon\APmuon)$        & $<4.5\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnote{BaBar, arXiv:1204.2852\label{babartau}}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\APtauon\Pmuon)$        & $<2.8\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\Ptauon\APelectron)$    & $<4.3\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\APtauon\Pelectron)$    & $<1.5\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\Ptauon\APmuon)$       & $<6.2\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\APtauon\Pmuon)$       & $<4.5\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\Ptauon\APelectron)$   & $<7.4\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\APtauon\Pelectron)$   & $<2.0\times 10 ^{-5}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babartau}}}$}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\Ppiplus\Pmu^{\pm}\Pe^{\mp})$  & $<1.7\times 10 ^{-7}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnote{BaBar, Phys.\ Rev.\ Let.\ \textbf{99}, 051801 (2007)\label{babar..}}\\
%$\mathcal{B}(\PBplus\to\PKplus\APmuon\Pelectron)$     & $<9.1\times 10 ^{-8}$ & \includegraphics[height=.25cm]{babar}\footnotesize{$^{\text{\ref{babar..}}}$}
%\end{tabular}
%}}
%\end{frame}
%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Sensitivity to long lived Majorana neutrinos}
\begin{itemize}
\item analysis allows for neutrino flight distance
\item probes only Majorana neutrinos decaying inside the detector
\item sensitivity to lifetime provided
\end{itemize}

{\footnotesize{
\begin{tabular}{p{.31\textwidth}p{.32\textwidth}p{.34\textwidth}}
a) $\PBminus\to\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$&b) $\PBminus\to\PDs^{+}\Pmuon\Pmuon$&c) $\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$\\
$\unit{250}{\MeV}<m_4<\unit{5}{\GeV}$&$\unit{2.1}{\GeV}<m_4<\unit{5.15}{\GeV}$&$\unit{260}{\MeV}<m_4<\unit{3.3}{\GeV}$
\end{tabular}}}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Lifetime-eff}

{~}
\begin{itemize}
\item sensitive to lifetimes $<10^{-10}\,\text{s}$
\item $\PBminus\to\PDzero\Ppiplus\Pmuon\Pmuon$ better sensitive to ``large'' lifetimes
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{model dependence}
{\Huge{$\Ptauon\to\Pmuon\Pmuon\APmuon$}}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
\begin{alertblock}{possible problem}
if the selection efficiency is different for various models, the limit could be higher or lower than the one we quote.
\end{alertblock}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
\begin{exampleblock}{crosschecks}
We tested the\begin{itemize}
\item trigger efficiency
\item preselection
\item multivariate classifier
\end{itemize}
as a function of the invariant dimuon mass(es).

$\Rightarrow$ these are constant within 15\,\%
\end{exampleblock}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Prospects}
When will LHCb catch up with the B factories on $\Ptauon\to\Pmuon\Pmuon\APmuon$?

\begin{block}{short answer}
not studied so far
\end{block}

\begin{block}{long answer}
Judge yourself:
\begin{itemize}
\item used: $\unit{1}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$ @ $\unit{7}{\TeV}$
\item 2012: $\unit{1.5}{\reciprocal\femtobarn}$ @ $\unit{8}{\TeV}$ (charm cross section $\sim 15\,\%$ higher)
\item 2013-1014: long shutdown 1
\item 2014-2017: running at higher energies 
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{HFAG limits for bottom decays}
\includegraphics[height=.85\textheight]{./leptonviol_colorful}
{~~}
\myhref{http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/\%7Empatel2/HFAG/May\%202012/radll/}{[HFAG]}
\end{frame}

\end{document}