diff --git a/Report/00_main.aux b/Report/00_main.aux index 1b6c67e..717b169 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.aux +++ b/Report/00_main.aux @@ -27,3 +27,6 @@ \bibcite{abe2008precision}{2} \bibcite{adamson2011measurement}{3} \bibcite{blondel2013research}{4} +\bibcite{augustin2017mupix}{5} +\bibcite{philipp2015hv}{6} +\bibcite{augustin2015mupix}{7} diff --git a/Report/00_main.bbl b/Report/00_main.bbl index 9feff50..212bee1 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.bbl +++ b/Report/00_main.bbl @@ -26,4 +26,26 @@ \rightarrow eee$. \newblock {\em arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.6113}, 2013. +\bibitem{augustin2017mupix} +Heiko Augustin, Niklaus Berger, Sebastian Dittmeier, Carsten Grzesik, Jan + Hammerich, Qinhua Huang, Lennart Huth, Moritz Kiehn, Alexandr Kozlinskiy, + Frank~Meier Aeschbacher, et~al. +\newblock The mupix system-on-chip for the mu3e experiment. +\newblock {\em Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: + Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, + 845:194--198, 2017. + +\bibitem{philipp2015hv} +Jonathan Philipp, Lennart Huth, Heiko Augustin, Raphael Philipp, Dirk Wiedner, + Niklaus Berger, Mu3e Collaboration, et~al. +\newblock Das hv-maps basierte mupix teleskop. +\newblock Technical report, Detector RD at DESY Test beam, 2015. + +\bibitem{augustin2015mupix} +Heiko Augustin, N~Berger, S~Bravar, Simon Corrodi, A~Damyanova, F~F{\"o}rster, + R~Gredig, A~Herkert, Q~Huang, L~Huth, et~al. +\newblock The mupix high voltage monolithic active pixel sensor for the mu3e + experiment. +\newblock {\em Journal of Instrumentation}, 10(03):C03044, 2015. + \end{thebibliography} diff --git a/Report/00_main.log b/Report/00_main.log index 8452958..ef2fa36 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.log +++ b/Report/00_main.log @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.19 (MiKTeX 2.9.6730 64-bit) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2018.7.26) 29 JUL 2018 00:23 +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.19 (MiKTeX 2.9.6730 64-bit) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2018.7.26) 29 JUL 2018 11:38 entering extended mode **./00_main.tex (00_main.tex @@ -1687,12 +1687,12 @@ [] - + File: img/beta_decay_feynman.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/beta_decay_feynman.png used on input line 89. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 140.39958pt x 140.40762pt. - + File: img/muon-decay-feynman.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/muon-decay-feynman.png used on input line 94. @@ -1728,7 +1728,7 @@ [] [7] - + File: img/neutrino_oscillation.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/neutrino_oscillation.png used on input line 147. @@ -1749,17 +1749,17 @@ [] [8 <./img/neutrino_oscillation.png>] - + File: img/LFV-neutrino_osc.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/LFV-neutrino_osc.png used on input line 170. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 140.39958pt x 70.74054pt. - + File: img/LFV-SUSY.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/LFV-SUSY.png used on input line 175. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 140.39958pt x 71.59482pt. - + File: img/LFV-tree_lvl.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/LFV-tree_lvl.png used on input line 180. @@ -1818,32 +1818,36 @@ \openout2 = `03_experimental_setup.aux'. (03_experimental_setup.tex - +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 18--19 + + [] + + File: img/setup-Ia.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/setup-Ia.png used on input line 23. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 312.00119pt x 145.84636pt. - + File: img/tracks-phase_I.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/tracks-phase_I.png used on input line 28. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 140.39958pt x 143.79482pt. - + File: img/tracks-phase_II.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/tracks-phase_II.png used on input line 33. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 140.39958pt x 145.23878pt. - + File: img/setup-Ib.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/setup-Ib.png used on input line 38. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 390.0pt x 123.95313pt. - + File: img/setup-II.png Graphic file (type png) Package pdftex.def Info: img/setup-II.png used on input line 43. (pdftex.def) Requested size: 390.0pt x 74.5667pt. - [14 +[14 ] @@ -1857,42 +1861,60 @@ [] -Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 50--51 +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 60--61 [] -) [16] + +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 60--61 + + [] + +[16] +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 62--66 + + [] + + +File: img/tracks_in_det_xy.png Graphic file (type png) + +Package pdftex.def Info: img/tracks_in_det_xy.png used on input line 69. +(pdftex.def) Requested size: 312.00119pt x 363.32416pt. +) [17] [18 <./img/tracks_in_det_xy.png>] \openout2 = `04_machine_learning.aux'. - (04_machine_learning.tex) [17 + (04_machine_learning.tex) [19 -] (00_main.bbl) +] +(00_main.bbl) Package atveryend Info: Empty hook `BeforeClearDocument' on input line 70. - [18 + [20 ] Package atveryend Info: Empty hook `AfterLastShipout' on input line 70. - (00_main.aux -(01_Standard_Model.aux) (02_mu_to_3e_decay.aux) (03_experimental_setup.aux) -(04_machine_learning.aux)) + (00_main.aux (01_Standard_Model.aux) (02_mu_to_3e_decay.aux) (03_experimental_ +setup.aux) (04_machine_learning.aux)) Package atveryend Info: Executing hook `AtVeryEndDocument' on input line 70. Package atveryend Info: Executing hook `AtEndAfterFileList' on input line 70. Package rerunfilecheck Info: File `00_main.out' has not changed. -(rerunfilecheck) Checksum: 21307F041FAAB6655A1BC8259279FC3E;1364. +(rerunfilecheck) Checksum: 7DCA6681AB20B1F3A3E3A90D403940D0;1465. Package atveryend Info: Empty hook `AtVeryVeryEnd' on input line 70. ) Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: - 19685 strings out of 492973 - 332437 string characters out of 3135932 - 429149 words of memory out of 3000000 - 23264 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+200000 - 546482 words of font info for 79 fonts, out of 3000000 for 9000 + 19720 strings out of 492973 + 332943 string characters out of 3135932 + 429390 words of memory out of 3000000 + 23282 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+200000 + 548944 words of font info for 87 fonts, out of 3000000 for 9000 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 - 47i,16n,65p,1035b,571s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,50000s -pdfTeX warning (dest): name{Hfootnote.13} has been referenced but does not ex + 47i,16n,65p,1103b,571s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,50000s +pdfTeX warning (dest): name{Hfootnote.14} has been referenced but does not ex ist, replaced by a fixed one +pdfTeX warning (dest): name{Hfootnote.13} has been referenced but does not exis +t, replaced by a fixed one + pdfTeX warning (dest): name{Hfootnote.12} has been referenced but does not exis t, replaced by a fixed one @@ -1929,25 +1951,26 @@ pdfTeX warning (dest): name{Hfootnote.1} has been referenced but does not exist , replaced by a fixed one - -Output written on 00_main.pdf (18 pages, 544517 bytes). + +Output written on 00_main.pdf (20 pages, 656561 bytes). PDF statistics: - 348 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) - 70 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) - 224 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) + 380 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) + 78 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) + 237 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) diff --git a/Report/00_main.out b/Report/00_main.out index 554cb2a..9ec84c2 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.out +++ b/Report/00_main.out @@ -18,4 +18,5 @@ \BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2}{Phase I}{section.4}% 18 \BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.3}{Phase II}{section.4}% 19 \BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.4}{Experimental setup}{section.4}% 20 -\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5}{Machine learning}{}% 21 +\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5}{The problem of low longitudinal momentum recurlers}{section.4}% 21 +\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5}{Machine learning}{}% 22 diff --git a/Report/00_main.pdf b/Report/00_main.pdf index fcfde52..1651709 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.pdf +++ b/Report/00_main.pdf Binary files differ diff --git a/Report/00_main.synctex.gz b/Report/00_main.synctex.gz index a5af22a..0539c1d 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.synctex.gz +++ b/Report/00_main.synctex.gz Binary files differ diff --git a/Report/00_main.toc b/Report/00_main.toc index acab78b..97b224a 100644 --- a/Report/00_main.toc +++ b/Report/00_main.toc @@ -19,4 +19,5 @@ \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Phase I}{14}{subsection.4.2} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Phase II}{14}{subsection.4.3} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Experimental setup}{14}{subsection.4.4} -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Machine learning}{17}{section.5} +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}The problem of low longitudinal momentum recurlers}{17}{subsection.4.5} +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Machine learning}{19}{section.5} diff --git a/Report/03_experimental_setup.aux b/Report/03_experimental_setup.aux index 2a59c67..c3cf073 100644 --- a/Report/03_experimental_setup.aux +++ b/Report/03_experimental_setup.aux @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Phase I}{14}{subsection.4.2}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Phase II}{14}{subsection.4.3}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Experimental setup}{14}{subsection.4.4}} +\newlabel{exp_setup}{{4.4}{14}{Experimental setup}{subsection.4.4}{}} \newlabel{setup_Ia}{{4a}{15}{Setup of the detector in the first part of phase I\relax }{figure.caption.8}{}} \newlabel{sub@setup_Ia}{{a}{15}{Setup of the detector in the first part of phase I\relax }{figure.caption.8}{}} \newlabel{tracks_Ia}{{4b}{15}{Tracks in the detector in the first part of phase I\relax }{figure.caption.8}{}} @@ -15,32 +16,38 @@ \newlabel{sub@setup_Ib}{{d}{15}{Setup of the detector in the second part of phase I\relax }{figure.caption.8}{}} \newlabel{setup_II}{{4e}{15}{Setup of the detector in phase II\relax }{figure.caption.8}{}} \newlabel{sub@setup_II}{{e}{15}{Setup of the detector in phase II\relax }{figure.caption.8}{}} +\citation{augustin2017mupix} +\citation{philipp2015hv} +\citation{augustin2015mupix} +\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}The problem of low longitudinal momentum recurlers}{17}{subsection.4.5}} +\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Particle recurling back into the center station\relax }}{18}{figure.caption.9}} +\newlabel{recurler}{{5}{18}{Particle recurling back into the center station\relax }{figure.caption.9}{}} \@setckpt{03_experimental_setup}{ -\setcounter{page}{17} +\setcounter{page}{19} \setcounter{equation}{4} \setcounter{enumi}{0} \setcounter{enumii}{0} \setcounter{enumiii}{0} \setcounter{enumiv}{0} -\setcounter{footnote}{13} +\setcounter{footnote}{14} \setcounter{mpfootnote}{0} \setcounter{part}{0} \setcounter{section}{4} -\setcounter{subsection}{4} +\setcounter{subsection}{5} \setcounter{subsubsection}{0} \setcounter{paragraph}{0} \setcounter{subparagraph}{0} -\setcounter{figure}{4} +\setcounter{figure}{5} \setcounter{table}{3} \setcounter{parentequation}{0} \setcounter{AM@survey}{0} \setcounter{ContinuedFloat}{0} -\setcounter{subfigure}{5} +\setcounter{subfigure}{0} \setcounter{subtable}{0} \setcounter{float@type}{4} \setcounter{Item}{0} -\setcounter{Hfootnote}{13} -\setcounter{bookmark@seq@number}{20} +\setcounter{Hfootnote}{14} +\setcounter{bookmark@seq@number}{21} \setcounter{@stackindex}{1} \setcounter{ROWcellindex@}{0} \setcounter{TABrowindex@}{2} diff --git a/Report/03_experimental_setup.tex b/Report/03_experimental_setup.tex index 245ea7a..60f81b3 100644 --- a/Report/03_experimental_setup.tex +++ b/Report/03_experimental_setup.tex @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ Phase II strives to reach the maximum sensitivity of $10^{-16}$. To achieve this in a reasonable time a new beamline will be used which delivers more than $2\cdot10^{9}Hz$ of muons. \subsection{Experimental setup} - -The detector is of cylindrical shape around the beam. It has a total length of around $2m$ and is situated inside a $1T$ solenoid magnet with $1m$ of inner radius and a total length of $2.5m$. +\label{exp_setup} +The detector is of cylindrical shape around the beam. It has a total length of around $2m$ and is situated inside a $1T$ solenoid magnet with $1m$ of inner radius and a total length of $2.5m$. This form was chosen to cover as much phase space as possible. For an unknown decay such $\mu \rightarrow eee$, it crucial to have a high order of acceptance in all regions of phase space. There are only two kind of tracks that get lost. The first one are up- and downstream tracks and the second one are low transverse momenta tracks (no transversing of enough detector planes to be reconstructed).\\ \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} @@ -47,8 +47,27 @@ \end{center} \end{figure}\newpage -As seen in figure \ref{setup_II}, the final version of the detector can be divided into 5 separate parts in the longitudinal direction. There is the central part with the target, two inner silicon pixel layers, a fibre tracker and two outer silicon layers. The forward and backward parts, called recurl stations, consist only of a tile timing detector surrounded by two silicon recurl layers.\\\\ +As seen in figure \ref{setup_II}, the final version of the detector can be divided into 5 separate parts in the longitudinal direction. There is the central part with the target, two inner silicon pixel layers, a fibre tracker and two outer silicon layers. The forward and backward parts, called recurl stations, consist only of a tile timing detector surrounded by two silicon recurl layers. A big advantage pf this layout is that even a partially constructed detector (gradally over phase I to phase II parts get added) can give us competitive measurements.\\\ -The target itself is a big surfaced double cone with a surface length of $10cm$ and a width of $2cm$. The target was chosen specifically to be of this shape to facilitate separating tracks coming from different muons.\\\ -The two inner detector layers, also called vertex layers, span a length $12cm$. The innermost layer consists of 12 tiles while the outer vertex layer consists of 18 tiles. The tiles are each of $1cm$ width, with the inner layer having an average radius of $1.9cm$, respectively $2.9cm$. They are supported by two half cylinder made up of $25\mu m$ thin Kapton foil mounted on plastic. The detector layers itself are $50\mu m$ thin and cooled by gaseous helium. The vertex detectors are read out at a rate of $20MHz$, giving us a time resolution of $20ns$.\\ -After the particles pass through the fibre tracker (see Figure \ref{tracks_Ib,_II}, \ref{setup_II}). \ No newline at end of file +The target itself is a big surfaced double cone with a surface length of $10cm$ and a width of $2cm$. The target was chosen specifically to be of this shape to facilitate separating tracks coming from different muons and hereby also helping to reduce accidental background.\\\ +The two inner detector layers, also called vertex layers, span a length $12cm$. The innermost layer consists of 12 tiles while the outer vertex layer consists of 18 tiles. The tiles are each of $1cm$ width, with the inner layer having an average radius of $1.9cm$, respectively $2.9cm$ \cite{augustin2017mupix}, \cite{philipp2015hv}, \cite{augustin2015mupix}. They are supported by two half cylinder made up of $25\mu m$ thin Kapton foil mounted on plastic. The detector layers itself are $50\mu m$ thin and cooled by gaseous helium. The vertex detectors are read out at a rate of $20MHz$, giving us a time resolution of $20ns$.\\ +After the vertex layers the particles pass through the fibre tracker (see Figure \ref{tracks_Ib,_II}, \ref{setup_II}). It is positioned around $6cm$ away from the center. Its main job is to provide accurate timing information for the outgoing electrons and positrons. It consist of three to five layers, each consisting of $36cm$ long and $250\mu m$ thick scintillating fibres with fast silicon photomultipliers at the end. They provide us a timing information of less than a $1ns$.\\ +Next the outgoing particles encounter the outer silicon pixel detectors. They are mounted just after the fibre detector with average radii of $7.6cm$ and $8.9cm$. The inner layer has 24 and the outer has 28 tiles of $1cm$ length. The active area itself has a length of $36cm$. Similarly to the vertex detectors, they are mounted on $25\mu m$ thin Kapton foil with plastic ends.\\ +The stations beam up- and downwards only consist of the outer pixel detector layers as well as a timing detector. While the silicon detector are the same as in the central station, the timing tracker was chosen to be much thicker than the fibre detector in the central station. It consists of scintillating tiles with dimensions of $7.5 \cross 7.5 \cross 5 mm^3$. They provide an even better time resolution than the fibre tracker in the center. Incoming particles are supposed to be stopped here. The outer stations are mainly used to determine the momenta of the outgoing particles and have an active length of $36cm$ and a radius of around $6cm$. + +\subsection{The problem of low longitudinal momentum recurlers} + +As explained in section \ref{exp_setup}, the outgoing particles are supposed to recurl back into the outer stations of the detector to enable a precise measurement of the momentum. A problem arises if the particles have almost no momentum in the beam direction. Then they can recurl back into the central station and cause additional hits there. As the the central station is designed to let particles easily pass through, they can recurl inside the central station many more times without getting stopped. As we have a $20ns$ time window for the readout of the pixel detectors, we need a very reliable way to identify and reconstruct these tracks as recurling particles as otherwise they look exactly like newly produced particles coming from our target. As one can imagine this influences the precision of our measurements by a big margin. So finding a way to identify these low beam direction momentum particles consistently is of great importance as it is crucial for the experiment to reduce the background as much as possible.\\\\ + +There is already an existing software to reconstruct particle tracks. However it struggles to find the right tracks for a lot of the particles recurling back into the center station.\\ +These recurlers will typically leave eight hits or more, four (one on each silicon pixel detector layer) when initially leaving the detector and another four when initially falling back in. It is possible for these recurlers to produce even more hits when leaving the detector again but for this thesis we will be only focusing on these 8 hit tracks.\\ +The current reconstruction algorithm works by fitting helix paths with a $\chi^2$ method onto the 8 hits.\\ +However experience has shown that often the fit with the lowest $\chi^2$ isn't necessarily the right track. If we increase the $\chi^2$ limit value to some arbitrary limit, we get a selection of several possible tracks per particle. Without any additional tools however, it is impossible to figure out if the right track is in the selection\footnote{\alignLongunderstack{\text{Based on detector efficiency it is possible for a particle to leave less}\\ \text{than 8 tracks and therefore not be reconstructed by the algorithm}}} and if yes which one of them correct track is.\\ + +\begin{figure}[H] +\begin{center} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{img/tracks_in_det_xy.png} +\caption{Particle recurling back into the center station} +\label{recurler} +\end{center} +\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Report/04_machine_learning.aux b/Report/04_machine_learning.aux index 8a6add9..ad2513a 100644 --- a/Report/04_machine_learning.aux +++ b/Report/04_machine_learning.aux @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ \relax \providecommand\hyper@newdestlabel[2]{} -\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Machine learning}{17}{section.5}} +\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Machine learning}{19}{section.5}} \@setckpt{04_machine_learning}{ -\setcounter{page}{18} +\setcounter{page}{20} \setcounter{equation}{4} \setcounter{enumi}{0} \setcounter{enumii}{0} \setcounter{enumiii}{0} \setcounter{enumiv}{0} -\setcounter{footnote}{13} +\setcounter{footnote}{14} \setcounter{mpfootnote}{0} \setcounter{part}{0} \setcounter{section}{5} @@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ \setcounter{subsubsection}{0} \setcounter{paragraph}{0} \setcounter{subparagraph}{0} -\setcounter{figure}{4} +\setcounter{figure}{5} \setcounter{table}{3} \setcounter{parentequation}{0} \setcounter{AM@survey}{0} \setcounter{ContinuedFloat}{0} -\setcounter{subfigure}{5} +\setcounter{subfigure}{0} \setcounter{subtable}{0} \setcounter{float@type}{4} \setcounter{Item}{0} -\setcounter{Hfootnote}{13} -\setcounter{bookmark@seq@number}{21} +\setcounter{Hfootnote}{14} +\setcounter{bookmark@seq@number}{22} \setcounter{@stackindex}{1} \setcounter{ROWcellindex@}{0} \setcounter{TABrowindex@}{2} diff --git a/Report/bib/General.bib b/Report/bib/General.bib index 8e5f1c3..9f3ab03 100644 --- a/Report/bib/General.bib +++ b/Report/bib/General.bib @@ -98,4 +98,33 @@ booktitle={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, pages={971--980}, year={2017} +} + +%Mupix detector +@article{augustin2017mupix, + title={The MuPix system-on-chip for the Mu3e experiment}, + author={Augustin, Heiko and Berger, Niklaus and Dittmeier, Sebastian and Grzesik, Carsten and Hammerich, Jan and Huang, Qinhua and Huth, Lennart and Kiehn, Moritz and Kozlinskiy, Alexandr and Aeschbacher, Frank Meier and others}, + journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, + volume={845}, + pages={194--198}, + year={2017}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} + +@techreport{philipp2015hv, + title={Das HV-MAPS basierte MuPix Teleskop}, + author={Philipp, Jonathan and Huth, Lennart and Augustin, Heiko and Philipp, Raphael and Wiedner, Dirk and Berger, Niklaus and Mu3e Collaboration and others}, + year={2015}, + institution={Detector RD at DESY Test beam} +} + +@article{augustin2015mupix, + title={The MuPix high voltage monolithic active pixel sensor for the Mu3e experiment}, + author={Augustin, Heiko and Berger, N and Bravar, S and Corrodi, Simon and Damyanova, A and F{\"o}rster, F and Gredig, R and Herkert, A and Huang, Q and Huth, L and others}, + journal={Journal of Instrumentation}, + volume={10}, + number={03}, + pages={C03044}, + year={2015}, + publisher={IOP Publishing} } \ No newline at end of file