<chapter name="Multiparton Interactions"> <h2>Multiparton Interactions</h2> The starting point for the multiparton interactions physics scenario in PYTHIA is provided by <ref>Sjo87</ref>. Recent developments have included a more careful study of flavour and colour correlations, junction topologies and the relationship to beam remnants <ref>Sjo04</ref>, interleaving with initial-state radiation <ref>Sjo05</ref>, making use of transverse-momentum-ordered initial- and final-state showers, with the extension to fully interleaved evolution covered in <ref>Cor10a</ref>. A framework to handle rescattering is described in <ref>Cor09</ref>. <p/> A big unsolved issue is how the colour of all these subsystems is correlated. For sure there is a correlation coming from the colour singlet nature of the incoming beams, but in addition final-state colour rearrangements may change the picture. Indeed such extra effects appear necessary to describe data, e.g. on <ei><pT>(n_ch)</ei>. A simple implementation of colour rearrangement is found as part of the <aloc href="BeamRemnants">beam remnants</aloc> description. <h3>Main variables</h3> <h4>Matching to hard process</h4> The maximum <ei>pT</ei> to be allowed for multiparton interactions is related to the nature of the hard process itself. It involves a delicate balance between not double-counting and not leaving any gaps in the coverage. The best procedure may depend on information only the user has: how the events were generated and mixed (e.g. with Les Houches Accord external input), and how they are intended to be used. Therefore a few options are available, with a sensible default behaviour. <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:pTmaxMatch" default="0" min="0" max="2"> Way in which the maximum scale for multiparton interactions is set to match the scale of the hard process itself. <option value="0"><b>(i)</b> if the final state of the hard process (not counting subsequent resonance decays) contains only quarks (<ei>u, d, s, c, b</ei>), gluons and photons then <ei>pT_max</ei> is chosen to be the factorization scale for internal processes and the <code>scale</code> value for Les Houches input; <b>(ii)</b> if not, interactions are allowed to go all the way up to the kinematical limit. The reasoning is that the former kind of processes are generated by the multiparton-interactions machinery and so would double-count hard processes if allowed to overlap the same <ei>pT</ei> range, while no such danger exists in the latter case. </option> <option value="1">always use the factorization scale for an internal process and the <code>scale</code> value for Les Houches input, i.e. the lower value. This should avoid double-counting, but may leave out some interactions that ought to have been simulated. </option> <option value="2">always allow multiparton interactions up to the kinematical limit. This will simulate all possible event topologies, but may lead to double-counting. </option> <note>Note:</note> If a "second hard" process is present, the two are analyzed separately for the default 0 option. It is enough that one of them only consists of quarks, gluons and photons to restrict the <ei>pT</ei> range. The maximum for MPI is then set by the hard interaction with lowest scale. </modepick> <h4>Cross-section parameters</h4> The rate of interactions is determined by <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:alphaSvalue" default="0.127" min="0.06" max="0.25"> The value of <ei>alpha_strong</ei> at <ei>m_Z</ei>. Default value is picked equal to the one used in CTEQ 5L. </parm> <p/> The actual value is then regulated by the running to the scale <ei>pT^2</ei>, at which it is evaluated <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:alphaSorder" default="1" min="0" max="2"> The order at which <ei>alpha_strong</ei> runs at scales away from <ei>m_Z</ei>. <option value="0">zeroth order, i.e. <ei>alpha_strong</ei> is kept fixed.</option> <option value="1">first order, which is the normal value.</option> <option value="2">second order. Since other parts of the code do not go to second order there is no strong reason to use this option, but there is also nothing wrong with it.</option> </modepick> <p/> QED interactions are regulated by the <ei>alpha_electromagnetic</ei> value at the <ei>pT^2</ei> scale of an interaction. <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:alphaEMorder" default="1" min="-1" max="1"> The running of <ei>alpha_em</ei> used in hard processes. <option value="1">first-order running, constrained to agree with <code>StandardModel:alphaEMmZ</code> at the <ei>Z^0</ei> mass. </option> <option value="0">zeroth order, i.e. <ei>alpha_em</ei> is kept fixed at its value at vanishing momentum transfer.</option> <option value="-1">zeroth order, i.e. <ei>alpha_em</ei> is kept fixed, but at <code>StandardModel:alphaEMmZ</code>, i.e. its value at the <ei>Z^0</ei> mass. </option> </modepick> <p/> Note that the choices of <ei>alpha_strong</ei> and <ei>alpha_em</ei> made here override the ones implemented in the normal process machinery, but only for the interactions generated by the <code>MultipartonInteractions</code> class. <p/> In addition there is the possibility of a global rescaling of cross sections (which could not easily be accommodated by a changed <ei>alpha_strong</ei>, since <ei>alpha_strong</ei> runs) <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:Kfactor" default="1.0" min="0.5" max="4.0"> Multiply all cross sections by this fix factor. </parm> <p/> The processes used to generate multiparton interactions form a subset of the standard library of hard processes. The input is slightly different from the standard hard-process machinery, however, since incoming flavours, the <ei>alpha_strong</ei> value and most of the kinematics are already fixed when the process is called. It is possible to regulate the set of processes that are included in the multiparton-interactions framework. <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:processLevel" default="3" min="0" max="3"> Set of processes included in the machinery. <option value="0">only the simplest <ei>2 → 2</ei> QCD processes between quarks and gluons, giving no new flavours, i.e. dominated by <ei>t</ei>-channel gluon exchange.</option> <option value="1">also <ei>2 → 2</ei> QCD processes giving new flavours (including charm and bottom), i.e. proceeding through <ei>s</ei>-channel gluon exchange.</option> <option value="2">also <ei>2 → 2</ei> processes involving one or two photons in the final state, <ei>s</ei>-channel <ei>gamma</ei> boson exchange and <ei>t</ei>-channel <ei>gamma/Z^0/W^+-</ei> boson exchange.</option> <option value="3">also charmonium and bottomonium production, via colour singlet and colour octet channels.</option> </modepick> <h4>Cross-section regularization</h4> There are two complementary ways of regularizing the small-<ei>pT</ei> divergence, a sharp cutoff and a smooth dampening. These can be combined as desired, but it makes sense to coordinate with how the same issue is handled in <aloc href="SpacelikeShowers">spacelike showers</aloc>. Actually, by default, the parameters defined here are used also for the spacelike showers, but this can be overridden. <p/> Regularization of the divergence of the QCD cross section for <ei>pT → 0</ei> is obtained by a factor <ei>pT^4 / (pT0^2 + pT^2)^2</ei>, and by using an <ei>alpha_s(pT0^2 + pT^2)</ei>. An energy dependence of the <ei>pT0</ei> choice is introduced by two further parameters, so that <ei>pT0Ref</ei> is the <ei>pT0</ei> value for the reference CM energy, <ei>pT0Ref = pT0(ecmRef)</ei>. <note>Warning:</note> if a large <ei>pT0</ei> is picked for multiparton interactions, such that the integrated interaction cross section is below the nondiffractive inelastic one, this <ei>pT0</ei> will automatically be scaled down to cope. <p/> The actual <ei>pT0</ei> parameter used at a given CM energy scale, <ei>ecmNow</ei>, is obtained as <eq> pT0 = pT0(ecmNow) = pT0Ref * (ecmNow / ecmRef)^ecmPow </eq> where <ei>pT0Ref</ei>, <ei>ecmRef</ei> and <ei>ecmPow</ei> are the three parameters below. <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:pT0Ref" default="2.15" min="0.5" max="10.0"> The <ei>pT0Ref</ei> scale in the above formula. <note>Note:</note> <ei>pT0Ref</ei> is one of the key parameters in a complete PYTHIA tune. Its value is intimately tied to a number of other choices, such as that of colour flow description, so unfortunately it is difficult to give an independent meaning to <ei>pT0Ref</ei>. </parm> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:ecmRef" default="1800.0" min="1."> The <ei>ecmRef</ei> reference energy scale introduced above. </parm> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:ecmPow" default="0.24" min="0.0" max="0.5"> The <ei>ecmPow</ei> energy rescaling pace introduced above. </parm> <p/> Alternatively, or in combination, a sharp cut can be used. <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:pTmin" default="0.2" min="0.1" max="10.0"> Lower cutoff in <ei>pT</ei>, below which no further interactions are allowed. Normally <ei>pT0</ei> above would be used to provide the main regularization of the cross section for <ei>pT → 0</ei>, in which case <ei>pTmin</ei> is used mainly for technical reasons. It is possible, however, to set <ei>pT0Ref = 0</ei> and use <ei>pTmin</ei> to provide a step-function regularization, or to combine them in intermediate approaches. Currently <ei>pTmin</ei> is taken to be energy-independent. </parm> <p/> Gösta Gustafson has proposed (private communication, unpublished) that the amount of screening, as encapsulated in the <ei>pT0</ei> parameter, fluctuates from one event to the next. Specifically, high-activity event are more likely to lead to interactions at large <ei>pT</ei> scales, but the high activity simultaneously leads to a larger screening of interactions at smaller <ei>pT</ei>. Such a scenario can approximately be simulated by scaling up the <ei>pT0</ei> by a factor <ei>sqrt(n)</ei>, where <ei>n</ei> is the number of interactions considered so far, including the current one. That is, for the first interaction the dampening factor is <ei>pT^4 / (pT0^2 + pT^2)^2</ei>, for the second <ei>pT^4 / (2 pT0^2 + pT^2)^2</ei>, for the third <ei>pT^4 / (3 pT0^2 + pT^2)^2</ei>, and so on. Optionally the scheme may also be applied to ISR emissions. For simplicity the same <ei>alpha_s(pT0^2 + pT^2)</ei> is used throughout. Note that, in this scenario the <ei>pT0</ei> scale must be lower than in the normal case to begin with, since it later is increased back up. Also note that the idea with this scenario is to propose an alternative to colour reconnection to understand the rise of <ei><pT>(n_ch)</ei>, so that the amount of colour reconnection should be reduced. <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:enhanceScreening" default="0" min="0" max="2"> Choice to activate the above screening scenario, i.e. an increasing effective <ei>pT0</ei> for consecutive interactions. <option value="0">No activity-dependent screening, i.e. <ei>pT0</ei> is fixed.</option> <option value="1">The <ei>pT0</ei> scale is increased as a function of the number of MPI's, as explained above. ISR is not affected, but note that, if <code>SpaceShower:samePTasMPI</code> is on, then <code>MultipartonInteractions:pT0Ref</code> is used also for ISR, which may or may not be desirable. </option> <option value="2">Both MPI and ISR influence and are influenced by the screening. That is, the dampening is reduced based on the total number of MPI and ISR steps considered so far, including the current one. This dampening is implemented both for MPI and for ISR emissions, for the latter provided that <code>SpaceShower:samePTasMPI</code> is on (default). </option> </modepick> <h4>Impact-parameter dependence</h4> The choice of impact-parameter dependence is regulated by several parameters. The ones listed here refer to nondiffractive topologies only, while their equivalents for diffractive events are put in the <aloc href="Diffraction">Diffraction</aloc> description. Note that there is currently no <code>bProfile = 4</code> option for diffraction. Other parameters are assumed to agree between diffractive and nondiffractive topologies. <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:bProfile" default="1" min="0" max="4"> Choice of impact parameter profile for the incoming hadron beams. <option value="0">no impact parameter dependence at all.</option> <option value="1">a simple Gaussian matter distribution; no free parameters.</option> <option value="2">a double Gaussian matter distribution, with the two free parameters <ei>coreRadius</ei> and <ei>coreFraction</ei>.</option> <option value="3">an overlap function, i.e. the convolution of the matter distributions of the two incoming hadrons, of the form <ei>exp(- b^expPow)</ei>, where <ei>expPow</ei> is a free parameter.</option> <option value="4">a Gaussian matter distribution with a width that varies according to the selected <ei>x</ei> value of an interaction, <ei>1. + a1 log (1 / x)</ei>, where <ei>a1</ei> is a free parameter. Note that once <ei>b</ei> has been selected for the hard process, it remains fixed for the remainder of the evolution. </option> </modepick> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:coreRadius" default="0.4" min="0.1" max="1."> When assuming a double Gaussian matter profile, <ei>bProfile = 2</ei>, the inner core is assumed to have a radius that is a factor <ei>coreRadius</ei> smaller than the rest. </parm> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:coreFraction" default="0.5" min="0." max="1."> When assuming a double Gaussian matter profile, <ei>bProfile = 2</ei>, the inner core is assumed to have a fraction <ei>coreFraction</ei> of the matter content of the hadron. </parm> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:expPow" default="1." min="0.4" max="10."> When <ei>bProfile = 3</ei> it gives the power of the assumed overlap shape <ei>exp(- b^expPow)</ei>. Default corresponds to a simple exponential drop, which is not too dissimilar from the overlap obtained with the standard double Gaussian parameters. For <ei>expPow = 2</ei> we reduce to the simple Gaussian, <ei>bProfile = 1</ei>, and for <ei>expPow → infinity</ei> to no impact parameter dependence at all, <ei>bProfile = 0</ei>. For small <ei>expPow</ei> the program becomes slow and unstable, so the min limit must be respected. </parm> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:a1" default="0.15" min="0." max="2."> When <ei>bProfile = 4</ei>, this gives the <ei>a1</ei> constant in the Gaussian width. When <ei>a1 = 0.</ei>, this reduces back to the single Gaussian case. </parm> <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:bSelScale" default="1" min="1" max="3"> The selection of impact parameter is related to the scale of the hard process: the harder this scale is, the more central the collision. In practice this centrality saturates quickly, however, and beyond a scale of roughly 20 GeV very little changes. (The relevant quantity is that the QCD jet cross section above the scale should be a tiny fraction of the total cross section.) In <ei>2 → 1</ei> and <ei>2 → 2</ei> processes traditional scale choices work fine, but ambiguities arise for higher multiplicities, in particular when the scale is used for matching between the multiparton matrix elements and parton showers. Then the event scale may be chosen as that of a very low-<ei>pT</ei> parton, i.e. suggesting a peripheral collision, while the much harder other partons instead would favour a central collision. Therefore the default here is to override whatever scale value have been read in from an LHEF, say. Notice that the scale used here is decoupled from the maximum scale for MPIs (<code>MultipartonInteractions:pTmaxMatch</code>). <option value="1"> Use the mass for a <ei>2 → 1</ei> process. For <ei>2 → n, n > 1</ei> processes order the particles in falling <ei>mmT = m + mT</ei> and then let the scale be <ei>(mmT_1 + mmT_2)/2 + mmT_3/3 + mmT_4/4 + ... + mmT_n/n</ei>. This is constructed always to be above <ei>m1</ei>, and to assign decreasing importance to softer particles that are less likely to be associated with the hard process.</option> <option value="2">Use the <code>scale</code> parameter of the event. </option> <option value="3">use the same scale as chosen by the rules for <code>MultipartonInteractions:pTmaxMatch</code>.</option> </modepick> <h4>Rescattering</h4> It is possible that a parton may rescatter, i.e. undergo a further interaction subsequent to the first one. The machinery to model this kind of physics has only recently become fully operational <ref>Cor09</ref>, and is therefore not yet so well explored. <p/> The rescattering framework has ties with other parts of the program, notably with the <aloc href="BeamRemnants">beam remnants</aloc>. <flag name="MultipartonInteractions:allowRescatter" default="off"> Switch to allow rescattering of partons; on/off = true/false.<br/> <b>Note:</b> the rescattering framework has not yet been implemented for the <code>MultipartonInteractions:bProfile = 4</code> option, and can therefore not be switched on in that case. <b>Warning:</b> use with caution since machinery is still not so well tested. </flag> <flag name="MultipartonInteractions:allowDoubleRescatter" default="off"> Switch to allow rescattering of partons, where both incoming partons have already rescattered; on/off = true/false. Is only used if <code>MultipartonInteractions:allowRescatter</code> is switched on.<br/> <b>Warning:</b> currently there is no complete implementation that combines it with shower evolution, so you must use <code>PartonLevel:ISR = off</code> and <code>PartonLevel:FSR = off</code>. If not, a warning will be issued and double rescattering will not be simulated. The rate also comes out to be much lower than for single rescattering, so to first approximation it can be neglected. </flag> <modepick name="MultipartonInteractions:rescatterMode" default="0" min="0" max="4"> Selection of which partons rescatter against unscattered partons from the incoming beams A and B, based on their rapidity value <ei>y</ei> in the collision rest frame. Here <ei>ySep</ei> is shorthand for <code>MultipartonInteractions:ySepRescatter</code> and <ei>deltaY</ei> for <code>MultipartonInteractions:deltaYRescatter</code>, defined below. The description is symmetric between the two beams, so only one case is described below. <option value="0">only scattered partons with <ei>y > 0</ei> can collide with unscattered partons from beam B.</option> <option value="1">only scattered partons with <ei>y > ySep</ei> can collide with unscattered partons from beam B.</option> <option value="2">the probability for a scattered parton to be considered as a potential rescatterer against unscattered partons in beam B increases linearly from zero at <ei>y = ySep - deltaY</ei> to unity at <ei>y = ySep + deltaY</ei>.</option> <option value="3">the probability for a scattered parton to be considered as a potential rescatterer against unscattered partons in beam B increases with <ei>y</ei> according to <ei>(1/2) * (1 + tanh( (y - ySep) / deltaY))</ei>.</option> <option value="4">all partons are potential rescatterers against both beams.</option> </modepick> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:ySepRescatter" default="0."> used for some of the <code>MultipartonInteractions:rescatterMode</code> options above, as the rapidity for which a scattered parton has a 50% probability to be considered as a potential rescatterer. A <ei>ySep > 0</ei> generally implies that some central partons cannot rescatter at all, while a <ei>ySep < 0</ei> instead allows central partons to scatter against either beam. </parm> <parm name="MultipartonInteractions:deltaYRescatter" default="1." min="0.1"> used for some of the <code>MultipartonInteractions:rescatterMode</code> options above, as the width of the rapidity transition region, where the probability rises from zero to unity that a scattered parton is considered as a potential rescatterer. </parm> <h3>Further variables</h3> These should normally not be touched. Their only function is for cross-checks. <modeopen name="MultipartonInteractions:nQuarkIn" default="5" min="0" max="5"> Number of allowed incoming quark flavours in the beams; a change to 4 would thus exclude <ei>b</ei> and <ei>bbar</ei> as incoming partons, etc. </modeopen> <modeopen name="MultipartonInteractions:nSample" default="1000" min="100"> The allowed <ei>pT</ei> range is split (unevenly) into 100 bins, and in each of these the interaction cross section is evaluated in <ei>nSample</ei> random phase space points. The full integral is used at initialization, and the differential one during the run as a "Sudakov form factor" for the choice of the hardest interaction. A larger number implies increased accuracy of the calculations. </modeopen> <h3>Technical notes</h3> Relative to the articles mentioned above, not much has happened. The main news is a technical one, that the phase space of the <ei>2 → 2</ei> (massless) QCD processes is now sampled in <ei>dy_3 dy_4 dpT^2</ei>, where <ei>y_3</ei> and <ei>y_4</ei> are the rapidities of the two produced partons. One can show that <eq> (dx_1 / x_1) * (dx_2 / x_2) * d(tHat) = dy_3 * dy_4 * dpT^2 </eq> Furthermore, since cross sections are dominated by the "Rutherford" one of <ei>t</ei>-channel gluon exchange, which is enhanced by a factor of 9/4 for each incoming gluon, effective structure functions are defined as <eq> F(x, pT2) = (9/4) * xg(x, pT2) + sum_i xq_i(x, pT2) </eq> With this technical shift of factors 9/4 from cross sections to parton densities, a common upper estimate of <eq> d(sigmaHat)/d(pT2) < pi * alpha_strong^2 / pT^4 </eq> is obtained. <p/> In fact this estimate can be reduced by a factor of 1/2 for the following reason: for any configuration <ei>(y_3, y_4, pT2)</ei> also one with <ei>(y_4, y_3, pT2)</ei> lies in the phase space. Not both of those can enjoy being enhanced by the <ei>tHat → 0</ei> singularity of <eq> d(sigmaHat) propto 1/tHat^2. </eq> Or if they are, which is possible with identical partons like <ei>q q → q q</ei> and <ei>g g → g g</ei>, each singularity comes with half the strength. So, when integrating/averaging over the two configurations, the estimated <ei>d(sigmaHat)/d(pT2)</ei> drops. Actually, it drops even further, since the naive estimate above is based on <eq> (4 /9) * (1 + (uHat/sHat)^2) < 8/9 < 1 </eq> The 8/9 value would be approached for <ei>tHat → 0</ei>, which implies <ei>sHat >> pT2</ei> and thus a heavy parton-distribution penalty, while parton distributions are largest for <ei>tHat = uHat = -sHat/2</ei>, where the above expression evaluates to 5/9. A fudge factor is therefore introduced to go the final step, so it can easily be modified when further non-Rutherford processes are added, or should parton distributions change significantly. <p/> At initialization, it is assumed that <eq> d(sigma)/d(pT2) < d(sigmaHat)/d(pT2) * F(x_T, pT2) * F(x_T, pT2) * (2 y_max(pT))^2 </eq> where the first factor is the upper estimate as above, the second two the parton density sum evaluated at <ei>y_3 = y_ 4 = 0</ei> so that <ei>x_1 = x_2 = x_T = 2 pT / E_cm</ei>, where the product is expected to be maximal, and the final is the phase space for <ei>-y_max < y_{3,4} < y_max</ei>. The right-hand side expression is scanned logarithmically in <ei>y</ei>, and a <ei>N</ei> is determined such that it always is below <ei>N/pT^4</ei>. <p/> To describe the dampening of the cross section at <ei>pT → 0</ei> by colour screening, the actual cross section is multiplied by a regularization factor <ei>(pT^2 / (pT^2 + pT0^2))^2</ei>, and the <ei>alpha_s</ei> is evaluated at a scale <ei>pT^2 + pT0^2</ei>, where <ei>pT0</ei> is a free parameter of the order of 2 - 4 GeV. Since <ei>pT0</ei> can be energy-dependent, an ansatz <eq> pT0(ecm) = pT0Ref * (ecm/ecmRef)^ecmPow </eq> is used, where <ei>ecm</ei> is the current CM frame energy, <ei>ecmRef</ei> is an arbitrary reference energy where <ei>pT0Ref</ei> is defined, and <ei>ecmPow</ei> gives the energy rescaling pace. For technical reasons, also an absolute lower <ei>pT</ei> scale <ei>pTmin</ei>, by default 0.2 GeV, is introduced. In principle, it is possible to recover older scenarios with a sharp <ei>pT</ei> cutoff by setting <ei>pT0 = 0</ei> and letting <ei>pTmin</ei> be a larger number. <p/> The above scanning strategy is then slightly modified: instead of an upper estimate <ei>N/pT^4</ei> one of the form <ei>N/(pT^2 + r * pT0^2)^2</ei> is used. At first glance, <ei>r = 1</ei> would seem to be fixed by the form of the regularization procedure, but this does not take into account the nontrivial dependence on <ei>alpha_s</ei>, parton distributions and phase space. A better Monte Carlo efficiency is obtained for <ei>r</ei> somewhat below unity, and currently <ei>r = 0.25</ei> is hardcoded. In the generation a trial <ei>pT2</ei> is then selected according to <eq> d(Prob)/d(pT2) = (1/sigma_ND) * N/(pT^2 + r * pT0^2)^2 * ("Sudakov") </eq> For the trial <ei>pT2</ei>, a <ei>y_3</ei> and a <ei>y_4</ei> are then selected, and incoming flavours according to the respective <ei>F(x_i, pT2)</ei>, and then the cross section is evaluated for this flavour combination. The ratio of trial/upper estimate gives the probability of survival. <p/> Actually, to profit from the factor 1/2 mentioned above, the cross section for the combination with <ei>y_3</ei> and <ei>y_4</ei> interchanged is also tried, which corresponds to exchanging <ei>tHat</ei> and <ei>uHat</ei>, and the average formed, while the final kinematics is given by the relative importance of the two. <p/> Furthermore, since large <ei>y</ei> values are disfavoured by dropping PDF's, a factor <eq> WT_y = (1 - (y_3/y_max)^2) * (1 - (y_4/y_max)^2) </eq> is evaluated, and used as a survival probability before the more time-consuming PDF+ME evaluation, with surviving events given a compensating weight <ei>1/WT_y</ei>. <p/> An impact-parameter dependence is also allowed. Based on the hard <ei>pT</ei> scale of the first interaction, and enhancement/depletion factor is picked, which multiplies the rate of subsequent interactions. <p/> Parton densities are rescaled and modified to take into account the energy-momentum and flavours kicked out by already-considered interactions. </chapter> <!-- Copyright (C) 2014 Torbjorn Sjostrand -->